Methods and Apparatus for Reducing Own-Transmitter Interference in Low-IF and Zero-IF Receivers

ABSTRACT

Circuits and methods are disclosed for reducing interference from transmitter leakage in a radio transceiver. An exemplary method for reducing interference from transmitter leakage in a radio transceiver comprises downconverting, filtering, and sampling a radio frequency signal comprising a desired signal and a transmitter leakage signal to obtain a sampled signal of interest. The method further comprises generating a sampled distortion signal estimate that estimates one or more distortion products of the transmitter leakage signal, such as a squared amplitude obtained from a square-law device or corresponding digital function. Finally, the method comprises combining the sampled distortion signal estimate with the sampled signal of interest to obtain interference-reduced signal samples. In some embodiments, this may comprise correlating the sampled distortion signal estimate with the sampled signal of interest to determine a scaling factor, scaling the sampled distortion signal estimate with the scaling factor, and subtracting the scaled distortion signal estimate from the sampled signal of interest to obtain the interference-reduced signal samples.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates generally to wireless transceiver systems, and in particular relates to methods and apparatus for suppressing interference to received signals in such transceivers caused by non-linear distortion products of the transceiver's transmitted signals.

BACKGROUND

In the field of radio receivers, there is a continuing effort to minimize the amount of tuned circuitry used. By reducing the number of tuned circuits, larger portions of the receiver may be integrated, resulting in smaller, and often less expensive, devices. This effort has resulted in widespread interest in homodyne receivers (also known as direct-conversion receivers) and low intermediate frequency (low-IF) or near-zero intermediate frequency (near-zero IF) receivers.

A well-known and common deficiency of some prior art homodyne and low-IF receivers is susceptibility to strong interfering signals. A typical front-end circuit for a radio receiver includes a filter just after the antenna input, with a bandwidth that is often significantly larger than the signal bandwidth for a given signal of interest. As a result, the signal admitted by the antenna bandpass filter may comprise one or more unwanted signals as well as the wanted signal. These unwanted signals may generate intermodulation products, among themselves and with local oscillator leakage signals appearing at the receiver input, due to square-law and higher-order distortion terms in the receiver's radio frequency (RF) circuitry. These intermodulation products may produce corrupting interference in the complex baseband signals.

Those skilled in the art will appreciate that potentially interfering signals may appear at the receiver across a spectrum extending over the total bandwidth of the receiver's RF filter or filters. Second-order (and various higher-order) intermodulation products from these signals may thus overlap the desired downconverted signal when the intermediate frequency is less than the antenna bandwidth. In the case of a homodyne or zero-IF receiver, these interfering signals may manifest themselves as a varying DC offset, which is not easily compensated by the various means commonly employed to compensate a constant DC offset. A varying DC offset is most pronounced when interfering signals are amplitude modulated, or of a bursty type, such as with time-domain multiple access (TDMA) transmissions.

A particular source of amplitude-modulated interfering signals considered herein are the signals produced by a radio transceiver's transmitter signal. This type of self-interference is present in transceivers where signals are simultaneously transmitted and received. Because a typical duplexing filter, designed to isolate the transmitter from the receiver, has limited attenuation in its stop-band, a transmitter signal can leak through or around the duplexer even when the transmitter signal spectrum is well outside the nominal bandwidth of the receiver filter. When the transmitter signal is not a constant envelope signal, but comprises amplitude modulation components, it can cause additional interference of the type described above, resulting in, for example, varying DC offset. Of course, the use of radio frequency signals comprising amplitude modulation components is becoming increasingly prevalent in wireless standards, such as those employing OFDM protocols.

The following patents issued to one of the present inventors disclose compensation of DC offset in homodyne receivers, as well as addressing other practical deficiencies such as slope and other slow drifts: U.S. Pat. No. 5,241,702 to Dent, issued Aug. 31, 1993, entitled “DC Offset Compensation in a Radio Receiver”; U.S. Pat. No. 5,568,520 to Lindquist and Dent, issued Oct. 22, 1996, entitled “Slope, Drift and Offset Compensation in Zero-IF receivers”; U.S. Pat. No. 5,712,637, issued Jan. 27, 1998, a divisional of the above '520 patent; and U.S. Pat. No. 6,473,471, issued Oct. 29, 2002, also a divisional of the above.

Various other patents disclose compensation techniques for DC offsets, including varying DC offsets, in a homodyne receiver. These patents include several issued to Lindoff et al.: U.S. Pat. No. 6,370,205 entitled “Method and Apparatus for Performing DC-Offset Compensation in a Radio Receiver,” issued Apr. 9, 2002; U.S. Pat. No. 6,449,320 entitled “Equalization with DC Offset compensation,” issued Sep. 10, 2002; and U.S. Pat. No. 7,046,720, entitled “System and Method for DC Offset Compensation in a WCDMA Receiver,” issued May 16, 2006.

In addition, U.S. Pat. No. 5,749,051, issued to current inventor Dent on May 5, 1998 and entitled “Compensation for Second Order Intermodulation in a Homodyne Receiver,” discloses compensating varying DC offsets caused by strong signals in a homodyne receiver.

All the above mentioned patents are hereby incorporated by reference herein.

As noted above, a particular source of strong interfering signals in some wireless transceivers is the transceiver's own transmitter. For example, in CDMA-based wireless communications standards such as UMTS, also known as Wideband-CDMA (WCDMA) or 3G, as well as in the 2^(nd)-generation CDMA systems commonly known as IS-95, all of which use simultaneous transmission and reception of signals, a transceiver's receiver and transmitter are generally connected to a shared antenna via a duplexing filter. The duplexing filter, or duplexer, typically includes a transmitter filter that suppresses receiver noise generated in the transmitter and prevents it reaching the common antenna. The duplexer's receiver filter suppresses the transmit signal and prevents it reaching the receiver where it could cause overload.

However, small duplexing filters have a limited amount of stop-band attenuation, often of the order of 40-45 dB, and thus the signal reaching the receiver radio frequency (RF) amplifier is still significant. The RF amplifier amplifies this transmitter leakage signal to an even higher level, potentially to a level that can cause distortion effects in the following mixer. As a result, conventional transceivers often include a second filter between the RF amplifier and mixer to suppress the amplified transmit leakage signal. However, as cell phones and other wireless devices are required to operate in more and more frequency bands, the proliferation of filters adds size and cost. There is therefore a need to improve a receiver's tolerance of transmit leakage to allow simplification of receiver filtering.

SUMMARY

The inventive circuits and methods disclosed herein compensate for distortion of a received signal in a low-IF or homodyne receiver caused by interactions between transmitter leakage signals and non-linearities in the receiver circuitry. In some embodiments of the inventive circuits disclosed herein, a distortion estimation circuit comprises non-linear circuitry configured to approximate one or more non-linear response characteristics of a downconverter circuit used to downconvert the received radio frequency signal. One or more non-linear products produced by the non-linear circuit are filtered, using a filter or filters substantially similar to those used for filtering an intermediate frequency signal or baseband signal that includes the desired signal and one or more non-linear distortion products of the transmitter leakage. The sampled distortion signal estimate produced by the distortion estimation circuit is then combined with a sampled signal of interest produced by the receiver circuit to obtain interference-reduced signal samples.

In some embodiments, the sampled distortion signal estimate is scaled, using a scaling factor, and subtracted from the sampled signal of interest to obtain reduced-interference signal samples. In some embodiments, the scaling factor is determined by correlating the sampled signal of interest with the sampled distortion signal estimate. In some of these embodiments, complex distortion signal samples, e.g., distortion signal samples comprising in-phase and quadrature components, are correlated with complex samples of the signal of interest, to obtain a complex scaling factor.

An exemplary method for reducing interference from transmitter leakage in a radio transceiver thus comprises downconverting, filtering, and sampling a radio frequency signal comprising a desired signal and a transmitter leakage signal to obtain a sampled signal of interest. Conventional homodyne or superheterodyne downconverters may be employed. The method further comprises generating a sampled distortion signal estimate that comprises one or more distortion products of the transmitter leakage signal, such as a squared amplitude obtained from a square-law device (or, more generally, a device having a non-linear characteristic) or corresponding digital function. Finally, the method comprises combining the sampled distortion signal estimate with the sampled signal of interest to obtain interference-reduced signal samples. In some embodiments, this may comprise correlating the sampled distortion signal estimate with the sampled signal of interest to determine a scaling factor, scaling the sampled distortion signal estimate with the scaling factor, and subtracting the scaled distortion signal estimate from the sampled signal of interest to obtain the interference-reduced signal samples.

Several variants of a transceiver circuit for reducing interference from intermodulation distortion in a receiver are disclosed. In general, these transceiver circuits comprise a receiver circuit, configured to downconvert, filter, and sample a radio frequency signal comprising a desired signal and a transmitter leakage signal to obtain a sampled signal of interest. Various embodiments of the transceiver circuit further comprise a distortion estimation circuit configured to generate a sampled distortion signal estimate comprising one or more distortion products of the transmitter leakage signal. Finally, several of the inventive transceiver circuits disclosed herein further comprise an interference subtraction circuit configured to combine the sampled distortion signal estimate with the sampled signal of interest to obtain interference-reduced signal samples.

The inventive techniques disclosed herein may be applied to homodyne receivers as well as low-IF receivers. Further details and variations of these inventive techniques will be appreciated by the skilled practitioner after viewing the attached figures and reading the following detailed description.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a general block diagram for a transceiver according to some embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 2 provides details of exemplary transmitter circuitry, receiver circuitry, and distortion estimation circuitry according to some embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 3 illustrates details of an exemplary interference subtraction circuit.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of another transceiver circuit, according to some embodiments, including details of an exemplary distortion estimation circuit.

FIG. 5 a illustrates an exemplary converter circuit, including a filter.

FIG. 5 b illustrates an exemplary modulator circuit, including modulator filters.

FIG. 5 c illustrates an exemplary digital distortion estimation circuit, including digital filters.

FIG. 6 is a logic flow diagram illustrating a method for reducing interference from transmitter leakage in a radio transceiver.

FIG. 7 illustrates a method for generating a sampled distortion signal estimate based on an analog sample of a transmitter signal.

FIG. 8 illustrates an exemplary method for generating a sampled distortion signal estimate based on a digital transmitter modulation signal.

FIG. 9 illustrates an exemplary method for combining a sampled distortion signal estimate with a sampled signal of interest to obtain interference-reduced samples.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The homodyne or direct-conversion receiver may be regarded as a variation of the traditional superheterodyne receiver. A superheterodyne receiver in general receives signals in a first frequency band and mixes the received signals with a locally generated oscillator signal, thus converting them to a second or intermediate-frequency (IF) band. By selecting the local oscillator frequency to be a constant amount away from a desired signal in the first frequency band, the desired signal always appears at the same frequency in the IF band, facilitating its selection by means of a fixed-tuned IF filter.

In the homodyne variation, the chosen “intermediate” frequency band is DC, or zero frequency. The local oscillator must then be tuned to the center of the desired received signal. At the mixer output, modulation on the desired signal, which typically is manifested as spectral components above and below the desired signal center frequency, is “folded.” Thus, a signal component at a frequency offset Δf above the desired signal's center frequency or Δf below the desired signal's center frequency will appear at the mixer output at an absolute frequency of Δf. To allow the receiver to distinguish between these folded components, quadrature downconversion may be used, where two mixers are provided, using local oscillator signals that are phase offset by 90 degrees. In this case, an upper-sideband signal component A and lower-sideband signal component B will appear in the in-phase and quadrature mixer outputs as I=A+B and Q=j(A−B), respectively. The upper- and lower-sideband components may then easily be separated by forming B=(I+jQ)/2 and A=(I−jQ)/2.

Homodyne receiver operations are described in more detail in U.S. Pat. No. 5,241,702, which was incorporated by reference above. As noted above, homodyne receivers suffer from DC-offset problems. These problems result from the fact that the local oscillator frequency is equal to the desired reception frequency. This results in self-interference due to leakage of the local oscillator signal into the RF input of the downconversion circuit. Because the leakage signal is located precisely on the desired signal center frequency, the interfering component becomes converted to exactly zero frequency, or DC, at the downconverter outputs. The resulting DC offset component may be many orders of magnitude larger than the desired signal. This may, however, be removed by applying the teachings of one or more of the above-referenced patents.

When at least one other strong interfering signal is present at any frequency at the input of a homodyne receiver's downconverter, the interfering signal can be converted to DC by mixing with themselves through any even order distortion terms in the polynomial description of the mixer transfer function. As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, this effect can be minimized by employing balanced mixer structures and push-pull RF amplifier structures. These techniques generally provide cancellation of even-order distortion, of which the most significant results from the square-law term of the circuit's non-linearities, also known as second-order intermodulation. Nevertheless, signals of sufficient strength can still produce fixed or variable DC offsets due to residual second-order, or higher order, nonlinearities of the downconverter circuit, due to imperfect balance in said balanced structures. In addition, odd-order distortion terms such as the third-order term can allow mixing of at least one strong signal with itself, using the first two orders, to produce a low frequency signal, which then mixes with a local oscillator leakage signal (using the third of the three orders) to impress low frequency modulation upon the local oscillator leakage signal.

This latter mechanism is also proportional to second-order distortion between the strong interfering signals, but arises due to the third-order distortion term in the RF circuit transfer function. Such third-order non-linearities are usually smaller than second-order non-linearities, but since odd-order terms are not suppressed by using balanced or push-pull circuit structures, these third-order distortion terms may be the dominant source of interference.

For example, consider an interfering radio-frequency signal Su and a local oscillator leakage signal SL, operated upon by a cubic distortion term to produce: (S_(U)+S_(L))³=S_(U) ³+3S_(U) ²S_(L)+3S_(U)S_(L) ²+S_(L) ³. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that a potentially damaging term in this expression is 3S_(U) ²S_(L), as this term may produce an interfering signal at the local oscillator frequency, which may then be downconverted to DC. In effect, S_(U) ² represents a square-law amplitude detection of the unwanted signal(s) S_(U), the amplitude then modulating the local oscillator leakage S_(L) such that it cannot be treated as a constant by a DC offset compensating mechanism. In a homodyne receiver, this may be compensated using the techniques disclosed in the '051 patent.

When a low-IF receiver is used rather than a zero-IF receiver, it is not necessarily the amplitude modulation detected by the term S_(U) ² which causes the interference, but rather a spectral component of it within the low-IF passband. Further, third-order terms resulting from two interfering signals and the local oscillator leakage may also fall within the low-IF passband. Depending on how low the IF is, these interference components may or may not be suppressed by the techniques disclosed in the '051 patent. In a related, co-pending patent application, U.S. Ser. No. 12/147,962, filed Jun. 27, 2008, and titled “Methods and Apparatus for Suppressing Strong-Signal Interference in Low-IF Receivers,” the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein, the present inventors describe enhancements to the techniques of the '051 patent for ensuring the compensation of such interference.

According to the teachings of this related application, the tolerance of a receiver to strong interfering signals from external sources may be improved by routing the signals to a non-linear circuit designed to mimic the non-linear mechanisms in the receiver mixer that produce interfering distortion products. The mimicked interference may then be digitized and fed to a digital signal processing circuit for subtraction from digital samples of a downconverted received signal.

In the present disclosure, an additional source for a strong interfering signal is considered: leakage of a transceiver's transmitter signal, such as leakage through and around transmit/receive duplexing filters. This leakage is pictured in FIG. 1, which illustrates a transceiver circuit according to some embodiments of the invention. In FIG. 1, antenna 20 is coupled to receiver circuit 110 and transmitter circuit 120 with duplexing filter 101. As noted above, the receive filter portion of duplexer 101 has less than perfect attenuation over than the transmitter frequency band. Because the transmitted signal may be quite strong (e.g., up to 1 watt in some applications), the filtered transmitter signal appearing at the receiver circuit input may be quite powerful, compared to weak received signals. This transmitter leakage signal may thus create intermodulation products in the receiver circuitry; as discussed above, some of these intermodulation products may fall on an intermediate frequency used by the receiver, or at or near zero frequency in a homodyne receiver, causing unwanted distortion of the received signal.

As in the circuits of the related application, the non-linear distortion products related to this strong interfering signal may be approximated, or “mimicked,” using a non-linear function. This mimicking is performed in the transceiver circuit of FIG. 1 in distortion estimation circuit 130. As will be described in more detail below, the distortion estimation circuit may generate a sampled distortion signal estimate based on an analog sample of the transmitter signal, e.g., from a coupled sample of the transmitter's power amplifier output or any intermediate-frequency version of the transmitter signal. However, in some embodiments the transceiver's “knowledge” of the transmitter signal modulation may be used to simplify this mimicking, so that the mimicking of the receiver's non-linear interference mechanisms may be accomplished by a suitable digital function implemented in digital signal processing software. In this case, distortion estimation 130 may simply comprise digital processing circuitry. As will be seen, the result of digital interference mimicking is a set of interference sample estimates already in the digital domain inside the digital signal processing, which may therefore be easily fed across to an interference subtraction circuit 140, which may also be implemented with digital processing logic.

FIG. 2 provides further details of one possible implementation of transmitter signal interference compensation according to some embodiments of the present invention. Again, a transmitter section 120 and a receiver section 110 are each coupled to antenna 20 via a duplex filter 101. Although duplexer 101 in FIGS. 1 and 2 is pictured as a single unit, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the precise nature of connections between transmitter 120, receiver 110, and antenna 20 is not essential to the invention. For instance, in some embodiments, the coupling between transmitter 120, receiver 110, and antenna 20 may comprise a duplexing filter having a single, common connection to a single, shared antenna, as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2. In others, separate transmit and receive antennas may be connected separately to respective transmit and receive filters. In still other embodiments, a multiple-antenna, multi-channel receiver implementing a multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO) communications scheme may include several antennas, any or all of which may be shared with a single-channel or multiple-channel transmitter, which may also be implementing a MIMO scheme. Thus, in the case of multi-channel receivers or transmitters, it shall be understood that several of the pictured elements of receiver 110 or transmitter 120 may be repeated. However, to simplify the present discussion, operation with a single transmitter and single receiver channel will be described.

Referring once more to FIG. 2, a received signal passes from a receive filter section of duplexer 101 to low-noise amplifier (LNA) 202. In general, the radio frequency signal at the input of LNA 202 may include a desired signal component received through antenna 20, as well as an undesired residual transmitter signal, due to the finite attenuation of duplexer 101 at the transmit frequency. The undesired transmit signal component is amplified by LNA 202 along with the desired signal component; in some systems, an additional filter, pictured in FIG. 2 as optional filter 203, may be required to further suppress the transmitter leakage signal to avoid overloading subsequent circuitry, such as downconverter mixers 204 a and 204 b. However, in some embodiments, the techniques disclosed herein may simplify the receiver filtering requirements, in some cases to the point where filter 203 may be omitted. As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, this is particularly desirable when the wireless device, e.g. a cell phone, must operate in several transmit and receive frequency bands.

In any event, in FIG. 2 the amplified radio frequency signal, which includes an undesired transmitter signal component as well as a desired received signal component, is converted to in-phase and quadrature intermediate frequency (IF) signals, using mixers 204 a and 204 b driven by quadrature voltage-controlled oscillator (QVCO) 205. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that QVCO 205 may be controlled by a tunable frequency synthesizer, allowing the receiver to be tuned to any of several pre-determined channels. In a homodyne, the local oscillator signal from QVCO 205 would be tuned to the carrier frequency of the desired signal. However, the radio transceiver circuit of FIG. 2 illustrates a heterodyne receiver, where the local oscillator frequency is not coincident with the carrier frequency or center of the wanted signal channel, but is instead offset by a frequency offset equal to the desired intermediate frequency. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that a common offset used for low-IF receivers for receiving frequency-multiplexed channels is one-half the channel spacing (i.e., one-half of the frequency separation between adjacent channels in the frequency-multiplexing scheme), which places the local oscillator just outside the signal spectrum on one edge of the desired channel or the other. Of course, the local oscillator frequency and intermediate frequency may be selected based on other offsets as well.

In the heterodyne receiver of FIG. 2, the in-phase and quadrature IF signals from mixers 204 a and 204 b are filtered, using high-pass filters 207 a and 207 b, and low-pass filters 208 a and 208 b. As was explained in more detail in the inventors' related application, this configuration may be particularly appropriate in a receiver configured for low-IF operation. When higher intermediate frequencies are employed, high-pass filters 207 and low-pass filters 208 may in some cases be replaced by a single bandpass filter. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the filtering accomplished by filters 207 and 208 may also be distributed among other combinations of conventional filter blocks.

The filtered intermediate frequency signals are sampled and digitized in analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) 209 a and 209 b. After this analog-to-digital conversion, the in-phase and quadrature intermediate frequency signals and the estimated distortion waveform are in the numerical domain, and in some embodiments may be collected and stored in memory for non-real-time (i.e. offline) processing by subsequent digital processing circuits, such as interference subtraction circuit 140. Of course, non-real-time processing is not essential, but is often more convenient, as the system designer need only be concerned that the entire processing is completed within the time available, and need not be so concerned about maintaining the timing between individual parts of an extended synchronous process.

Referring to the transmitter portion of the circuit of FIG. 2, a complex transmitter modulation waveform signal is generated in transmit modulation waveform generator 260. The complex samples of the transmitter modulation waveform (represented in FIG. 2 as quadrature components I_(TX) and Q_(TX)) are converted to analog signals using digital-to-analog converters (DACs) 265 a and 265 b. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that in FIG. 2, the transmitter modulation waveform is represented in a Cartesian format (i.e., l-Q, or X-Y). However, other representations, which may be more suitable for particular types of modulators or particular modulation schemes, may also be used. For example, polar representations (e.g., amplitude and phase, or “r, θ”) or log-polar representations (e.g., log-amplitude, or “log-r, θ”) may be appropriate for a particular transceiver design.

In any case, a suitable transmit modulator 270, adapted for one or more desired modulation schemes and compatible with the selected representation, applies the modulation to a carrier signal at the desired transmit frequency. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that transmit modulator 270 may comprise any of various types of modulators, including quadrature modulators, polar modulators (e.g., envelope elimination and restoration, or EER, modulators). The details of such modulators are well known to those skilled in the art; since these details are not essential to an understanding of the invention they are not repeated here.

The modulated signal produced by transmit modulator 270 is amplified by power amplifier 280, which amplifies the transmit signal to the desired transmit power level. Although FIG. 2 illustrates a separate power amplifier 280 and transmit modulator 270, those skilled in the art will appreciate that in some implementations, particularly those using polar or log-polar modulation techniques, an amplitude modulation component may be applied to the transmitter signal via the power amplifier 280. For example, a high-level modulator may be used to modulate the supply voltage.

In some embodiments, an optional low-pass or band-pass filter 275 may be used to suppress wideband noise which can extend over the receive frequency band and cause desensitization of the receiver. However, those skilled in the art will recognize that this is an interference mechanism that is distinct from intermodulation distortion caused by leakage of the fundamental transmitter signal into the receiver mixers. Both effects must be dealt with in respective ways to avoid loss of receiver sensitivity. While filter 275 may reduce or eliminate interference caused by transmitter signal noise falling directly into the receive band, it will have no effect on the intermodulation products related to the desired transmitter signal itself. The focus of the present disclosure is compensation for the latter interference mechanism, i.e., reducing the effects of intermodulation in the receiver caused by the desired transmit frequency signal leaking across to the receiver input of LNA 202.

Accordingly, the transceiver circuit of FIG. 2 illustrates one approach to reducing these effects. In the pictured approach an analog sample of the transmit signal is taken, using directional coupler 285, and applied to analog non-linear function 206. Non-linear function 206 is designed to mimic one or more non-linear characteristics of mixers 204 a and 204 b, preferably the non-linearities that cause the dominant intermodulation distortion in the intermediate frequency signals.

A typical intermodulation mechanism involves the square-law-like non-linearity of the mixers; this square-law-like non-linearity effectively detects the amplitude modulation on the transmit signal, to produce an interfering waveform at the mixer outputs having a spectrum that may overlap the desired signal at the intermediate frequency. This particular distortion mechanism is most likely to occur when the intermediate frequency is in the range of zero to a few times the bandwidth of the modulated transmitter signal. This is a typical range for low-IF receivers. Another intermodulation mechanism is due to a cubic non-linearity of the mixers. One often troublesome source of self-interference in a zero-IF receiver is leakage of the local oscillator signal, which is tuned to the desired receive frequency, into the radio-frequency circuitry of the receiver, causing coherent interference. As is well known to those skilled in the art, this may give rise to a DC offset at the outputs of the mixers. This particular problem may in many instances be handled as described in the above-referenced patents and patent applications. However, as described above, a cubic nonlinearity of the mixers may allow the square of the transmitter signal leakage (i.e. the squared amplitude) to modulate the local oscillator leakage, so that the result is not merely a DC offset, but a modulated DC offset. This modulated DC offset therefore has a varying waveform that cannot be compensated by conventional DC offset compensation techniques. Furthermore, this modulated DC offset may also have a spectral spread that can affect non-zero-IF receivers, i.e., low-IF receivers.

Both of the intermodulation mechanisms described above can be seen to cause an intermodulation waveform related to the square of the transmit signal amplitude. Thus, non-linear function 206 may in some embodiments include a square-law detector, e.g., a diode or other P-N junction or FET transconductance, to mimic this waveform.

More accurate approximations of the non-linear distortion products of mixers 204 a and 204 b may be obtained by characterizing the mixer performance and constructing a circuit to replicate the non-linear characteristics of the mixers. This process might begin with measuring the strong signal interference appearing at the outputs of mixers 204 a and 204 b and plotting the interference versus the strength of the signals on a log/log (i.e. dB/dB) scale. The slope of the resulting plot then indicates the order of the non-linearity involved. An approximation of the non-linearity may then easily be designed using non-linear components such as diodes. In some cases, it may be necessary to match both a square-law term and a cubic term in the polynomial expansion of mixer non-linearities, the square-law term being necessary to estimate the squared-amplitude signal itself, while the cubic term approximates the product of the transmitter signal with local oscillator leakage.

In some embodiments, distortion estimation circuit 130 in general, and non-linear function 206 in particular, may comprise two or more separate non-linear functions, e.g., one of which is predominantly a square-law non-linearity and another which is predominantly a cubic non-linearity. In some such embodiments, these separate distortion estimates may be separately processed (e.g., filtered and digitized) and then used to cancel interference to the desired intermediate frequency. In others, the separate distortion signal estimates may be combined before further processing, to produce a multi-term approximation of the interference produced by the receiver's downconverter circuit. In the discussion that follows, an explanation of how a single non-linear interference signal is processed and subtracted is provided; those skilled in the art will recognize that the described approach may be readily applied to multiple distortion signal estimates produced by separate non-linear functions, e.g. square-law and cubic-law functions, whether the interference estimates are processed separately or together.

In the circuit of FIG. 2, the estimated distortion waveform produced by non-linear function 206 is processed in essentially the same manner as the intermediate frequency signals produced by mixers 204 a and 204 b. Thus, just as the intermediate frequency signals are filtered by high-pass filters 207 a and 207 b to remove the unwanted DC components and higher-frequency interference products, so is the interference estimate signal from non-linear function 206 filtered, using a similar high-pass filter 207 c. The high-pass filtering of each signal relieves the subsequent analog-to-digital converters (ADCS) 109 a, 109 b and 109 c from requiring a dynamic range sufficient to encompass the DC offset component, which would in many cases dominate the signal.

All three signals, i.e., the outputs from mixers 204 a and 204 b and the output from non-linear function 206 may also be low-pass filtered, to remove signal components above the highest-frequency components of the desired signal spectrum. Accordingly, in some embodiments, low-pass filters 208 a, 208 b, and 208 c are configured to reject signals above a cut-off frequency equal to the IF center frequency plus half the bandwidth of the desired signal. The combined response of each pair of high-pass filter 207 and low-pass filter 208 thus selects the desired signal components, as well as any interference components that spectrally overlap the desired intermediate frequency band. The low-pass filters may also allow ADCs 209 a, 209 b, and 209 c to be operated at the lowest possible sampling frequency that meets the Nyquist sampling criterion for the desired signal bandwidth.

Those skilled in the art will appreciate that it is also possible, especially for somewhat higher intermediate frequencies, to use bandpass filters that combine the responses of each pair of high-pass filter 207 and low-pass filter 208. Further, ADCs 209 a-c may in some cases be bandpass ADCs, operating at a sampling frequency less than the intermediate frequency but greater than the bandpass filter bandwidth. In some embodiments, these bandpass ADCs may be configured to sample the input analog signals at pairs of points spaced by an odd multiple of quarter-periods at the intermediate frequency, thus producing in-phase and quadrature samples. Such “quadrature sampling” is explained in more detail in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,888,557, issued to Puckette et al.

It should be noted that the techniques described herein may also be applied to homodyne receiver circuits, i.e., receiver circuits where the radio frequency signal is converted to DC (or to an “intermediate frequency” of zero), as well as to superheterodyne receiver circuits where a radio frequency is converted in two (or more) successive downconverter stages to a zero-frequency or near-zero-frequency baseband. In the case of a homodyne receiver, high-pass filters 207 a-c may be omitted from the circuit pictured in FIG. 2; additional circuitry for compensating for DC offsets may also be required. In transceivers where multi-stage downconversion is used, the second (and any subsequent) downconverter and filtering used in the receiver may be replicated in the estimated distortion signal path as well, so that the distortion signal estimate generated by non-linear function 206 is processed in essentially the same manner as the intermediate frequency signal in the receiver circuit.

Those skilled in the art will thus appreciate that in each of the variants of the circuit of FIG. 2 discussed above, the processing performed on the intermediate frequency signals output from mixers 204 a and 204 b is also performed on the output of distortion waveform generator 206. Thus, extraneous interference components appearing outside the intermediate frequency band are removed by filters 207 c and 208 c. Furthermore, components of the estimated distortion waveform from distortion waveform generator 206 at or near the intermediate frequency experience similar delays and frequency response as seen by the intermediate frequency signals from mixers 204 a and 204 b. The result of this similar conditioning of the intermediate frequency signals and the interference estimation signal is that the estimated distortion waveform approximates the interference appearing in the intermediate frequency signal as closely as possible, except for an as-yet undetermined scaling factor (and, possibly, a delay).

The scaling factors may be determined by correlating the distortion signal estimate samples from ADC 209 c with the in-phase and quadrature samples of the signal of interest from ADCs 209 a and 209 b to determine the extent to which the distortion signal appears in the signal of interest. An exemplary signal subtraction circuit 140 is illustrated in FIG. 3, and includes correlators 311 a and 311 b for correlating the distortion signal samples with the in-phase and quadrature samples of the signal of interest (I_(SOI),Q_(SOI)), respectively. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that correlators 311 a and 311 b may operate in various ways, but with the same objective: to determine scaling factors, illustrated as amounts a and b in FIG. 3, indicating how much of the interference signal is appearing in each of the signal paths over a predetermined averaging period.

The distortion signal samples (from ADC 209 c) are then scaled by the scaling factors a and b in multipliers 312 a and 312 b. The scaled distortion signal samples are subtracted from the in-phase and quadrature samples of the intermediate frequency signal in subtracting circuits 310 a and 310 b, respectively. The resulting interference-reduced samples (I_(RED),Q_(RED)) may be further processed to detect and decode data carried by the desired signal.

One method of correlation that may be employed by interference subtraction circuit 140 is to multiply the distortion signal samples by time-corresponding samples of the signal of interest, and summing the products over the averaging period. The resulting sum may, in some embodiments, be normalized by dividing by the number of samples used. In some embodiments of interference subtraction circuit 140, the distortion signal samples may be scaled with initial values for a and b (which may be arbitrary), and subtracted from the in-phase and quadrature signal samples, using subtracting circuits 310 a and 310 b. The resulting samples may then be correlated with the distortion signal samples to determine whether a residual portion of the interference signal estimate remains to be subtracted. The scaling factors a and b may then be updated to drive the residual interference component towards zero. Thus, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the subtraction circuits 310, correlating circuits 311, and scaling circuits 312 may be arranged in ways other than those illustrated in FIG. 3, while still achieving the objective of eliminating as far as possible the interference waveform defined by distortion estimation circuit 130 from the signal of interest produced by receiver circuit 110, to obtain interference-reduced samples at the outputs of interference subtraction circuit 140.

Referring once more to FIG. 2, these interference-reduced signal samples may comprise in-phase and quadrature components that together form a complex number that is rotating (on average) from one sample to the next by an angular phase of 2πf_(IF)·ΔT, where f_(IF) is the intermediate frequency and ΔT is the time between samples. This average phase rotation represents phase rotation induced by a carrier signal at the intermediate frequency, and may be removed by conventional phase de-rotation techniques. As shown in the circuit of FIG. 2, for example, the interference-reduced samples may be multiplied, using complex multiplier 220, by phase de-rotation samples e^(j2πi/n) produced by phase rotation generator 230. (The value i is an integer index to successive samples, so that sample i receives an effective angular “de-rotation” of 2πi/n.) . In a zero-IF receiver, of course, the samples are not rotating, except to the extent there is a frequency error between the remote transmitter and the receiver. Such an error may be caused by Doppler shift, for example. In zero-IF embodiments of the present invention, complex multiplier 220 may be used to remove this accidental phase rotation, rather than the inherent rotation that occurs when a non-zero IF is used.

In some embodiments f_(IF) and ΔT are conveniently selected so that f_(IF)ΔT is the reciprocal of an integer n, so that the phase rotation returns to the same point every n samples. However, this is not required; this merely simplifies the function of phase rotation generator 230 in generating the complex multiplication factor e^(j2πi/n). In general, the reciprocal of f_(IF)ΔT is an integer if both the sample rate and intermediate frequency are selected to be integer multiples of one-half of the symbol rate. However, even if they are not closely related to a symbol rate for the desired signal, f_(IF)ΔT may still be the ratio m/n of two integers, such that the sequence also repeats after n samples. However, in this case, n may be much longer. In the limit, of course, f_(IF)ΔT may be an irrational number, in which case a phase de-rotation angle may be computed for each sample, rather than being plucked from a look-up-table.

In any case, referring once again to FIG. 2, the progressive phase rotation is removed in complex multiplier 220, where the interference-reduced signal samples, considered as a complex pair, are multiplied by the conjugate of the phase rotation factor to unwind the successive rotation. The result from complex multiplier 220 is an in-phase and quadrature (I,Q) representation of the desired signal, just as if a zero-IF or homodyne receiver had been used, except without the troublesome DC offset component. Furthermore, intermodulation components related to the transmitter signal may be substantially reduced.

In FIG. 2, phase rotation generator 230 may be clocked (indexed) using the same clock used to drive the sampling in ADCs 209 a-c. Since the digital processing in the transceiver circuit of FIG. 2 may in some cases operate in non-real time, i.e., using buffered samples of the distortion signal samples and the intermediate frequency samples, this simply means that a sample index i beginning at an arbitrary point is associated with successive samples and incremented for each successive sample, for example in the I/O routine that reads samples from the ADCs into a digital processor's memory. In some embodiments, the index may also be a memory address index, assuming samples are stored sequentially in memory. However, the index used for generator 230 may be reduced modulo-n, while a memory address index is not necessarily modulo-reduced by the same modulus, depending on the size of any circular buffer used. Therefore, a separate index i, which is incremented modulo-n, may be maintained in some embodiments, and associated with successive samples.

In some embodiments, a relative delay between the distortion signal samples and the sampled signal of interest may also be determined in the digital domain. For example, several correlations may be performed, using different time-shifted versions of the signal of interest or of the distortion signal estimate. The best match, i.e., the highest correlation, may be selected, or a time delay may be determined by interpolating between two of the tested time shifts. Alternatively, some embodiments may employ the subtraction of separately scaled multiple correlations, computed using different relative delay shifts between the sampled signal of interest and the distortion signal samples, to ensure matching of the total filtering in the paths traversed by the signal of interest and the estimated distortion waveform. In such embodiments, any mismatch between the filters in these paths may be effectively corrected by an implied FIR (finite impulse response) filter that models the differences between the paths.

In the preceding discussion it was assumed that non-linear function 206 included a non-linear analog component, such as a square-law detector. However, a linear detector may be used instead, in some embodiments. In some of these embodiments the square function may be formed from the detected amplitude in the digital domain, e.g., by using digital processing logic to apply a suitable numerical correcting function. One impediment to this latter approach is that the “true” interfering waveform, e.g., the square-amplitude waveform, should ideally be filtered using filters 207 c and 208 c having the same response as the filters used to filter the intermediate frequency signal. Thus, if distortion waveform generator 206 does not mimic the exact interference waveform, e.g., if distortion waveform generator comprises a linear detector, then the effects of filters 207 c and 208 c may have to be transferred to the digital domain. Thus, the effects of the filters may be added to the distortion waveform samples at a point where the more exact distortion waveform is available, i.e., after applying the numerical correcting function. In some embodiments, this approach may also include sampling the output of distortion waveform generator 206 at a higher sampling rate than used at ADCs 209 a and 209 b, to ensure that all important spectral components are captured, if the bandwidth is no longer limited by analog filters 207 c and 208 c.

Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the techniques described above permit receivers to be built with intermediate frequencies that are much lower than one-half the receive bandwidth of duplexer 101, and even with intermediate frequencies less than a few times the bandwidth of the modulated transmitter signal. Further, as discussed briefly above, the techniques illustrated in FIG. 2 and described above may also be applied to homodyne, or zero-IF receivers.

In any case, those skilled in the art will appreciate that without the use of these techniques, low-IF and zero-IF receivers might otherwise be susceptible to, for example, interference from intermodulation products caused by the interaction of the transmitter signal and the receiver front-end circuitry. The use of low intermediate frequencies or a zero intermediate frequency, as enabled by the techniques disclosed herein, has the advantage of permitting an earlier conversion to the digital domain, with a consequent reduction in the number of analog components. This in turn facilitates more efficient integration, and less expensive receivers.

FIG. 4 illustrates another exemplary radio transceiver, according to some embodiments of the invention, in which the availability of the transmitter modulation signal in the digital domain is exploited to further reduce the number of analog components required to implement the general interference compensation techniques described above. Thus, in the transceiver circuit of FIG. 4, the transmitter signal is effectively sampled at baseband, by using the quadrature components of the transmitter modulation signal, I_(TX) and Q_(TX). As explained above, in many cases square-law distortion from the transmitter may dominate the transmitter-related interference. In such a case, only the amplitude of the transmitter modulation signal, i.e., √{square root over ((I_(TX) ²++Q_(TX) ²))}, is significant in estimating the distortion waveform. Thus, the analog non-linear function 206 of FIG. 2 is replaced in the transceiver of FIG. 4 by the digital non-linear function 406.

Non-linear function 406 computes the squared amplitude of the transmitter modulation signal, (I_(TX) ²+Q_(TX) ²), which represents the distortion waveform apart from scaling factors to be determined. The effective responses of analog intermediate frequency filters 407 a and 408 a (which are pictured, along with mixer 404, in a simplified diagram of receiver 110) are also transferred to the digital domain, where they are implemented as digital filter functions 407 c and 408 c. As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, these digital filter functions may be implemented as FIR (Finite Impulse Response) filters and/or IIR (Infinite Impulse Response) filters so as best to match the characteristics of the filtering in the desired signal path provided by filters 407 a and 408 a. Further, if there is a need to match a delay that is not otherwise accounted for, then such a delay can readily be built into digital filters 407 c and/or 408 c.

In some embodiments, the sampled signals of interest may also be processed with an additional digital element, such as a low-pass filter. For example, FIG. 5 a illustrates details of an exemplary ADC converter circuit 209, which may include a converter element 501 followed by a low-pass filter 502. Referring once more to the transceiver of FIG. 4, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the effects of this additional element may also be included in the path taken by the distortion signal samples, along with digital filters 407 c and 408 c, with the object of ensuring that an accurate match is maintained between total filtering of the distortion signal estimate and total filtering in the desired signal path.

As briefly discussed above in connection with FIG. 2, ADC 209 c (which converts an analog distortion signal estimate to digital form) may be configured in some embodiments to sample the estimated distortion waveform from non-linear function 206 at a higher rate if any part of filtering 207 c and 208 c is transferred to the digital domain, for example, when part of the non-linear function is implemented digitally. As noted, this is due to the possibility that the interference signal would have a wider bandwidth if not limited by analog filters 207 c and 208 c prior to ADC conversion.

Similar considerations apply to the transceiver implementation pictured in FIG. 4. In such transceivers, the transmitter modulation signal I_(TX),Q_(TX) may be generated digitally at an over-sampled rate, e.g., four times or 8 times the Nyquist rate for the desired transmitter signal bandwidth. This may be done to ease the requirements on smoothing and anti-aliasing filters in the modulator included in transmitter circuit 120. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that any such filters may also be modeled by distortion estimation circuit 130, for example, by applying a digital approximation to these smoothing and anti-aliasing filters to the I_(TX),Q_(TX) stream prior to computing the squared amplitude (or other non-linear function). The availability of the signals I_(TX),Q_(TX) at an over-sampled rate, which may be preserved throughout any digital approximation of the anti-aliasing filters, satisfies the need for distortion signal samples to be available prior to filters 407 c and 408 c at a higher sampling rate than provided by ADCs 209 a and 209 b in the intermediate frequency signal path. One or both of filters 407 c and 408 c may then be implemented as down-sampling filters, to reproduce the same sampling rate as the signal samples provided by ADCs 209 a and 209 b. Thus, exploiting the availability of transmit signal samples at an over-sampled rate already in the digital domain eliminates the need for ADC 209 c of FIG. 2.

Once filtered by digital filters 407 c and 408 c, the distortion signal samples in FIG. 4 effectively correspond to the output of ADC 209 c in FIG. 2. As a result, the subsequent operations may be carried out in the same manner. Thus, interference may be subtracted from the signal of interest using a similar interference subtraction circuit 140. As described above with reference to FIG. 3, this may comprise determining the scaling factors a and b by means of correlators 311 a and 311 b, applying the scaling to the interference estimates using multipliers 312 a and 312 b, and subtracting the scaled interference samples from the desired signals using subtracting circuits 310 a and 310 b.

FIGS. 5A-C illustrate more details on the matching of signal and interference estimate paths that may be employed in some embodiments of the present invention. As previously discussed, FIG. 5A illustrates an analog-to-digital converter 209 that includes a post-conversion filter 502. FIG. 5B illustrates internal details of a portion of a transmitter circuit, including DACs 265 a and 265 b, for converting over-sampled I_(TX),Q_(TX) streams from transmit modulation generator to the analog domain, followed by anti-aliasing filters 510 a and 510 b and quadrature modulator 512. FIG. 5B thus illustrates a Cartesian modulator, based on an I, Q representation of the transmitter modulation signal. Of course, those skilled in the art will recognize that other modulator types may be used, e.g., modulators based on polar, log-polar, or pseudo-polar representations of the transmitter modulation signal. However, the pictured circuitry illustrates how components that arise in the transmit path may be also modeled in the signal distortion estimation path. Thus, FIG. 5C illustrates details of one embodiment of a digital distortion estimation circuit 130, where the effect on the transmitter-related distortion products produced by anti-aliasing filters 510 a and 510 b may be replicated, or matched, with digital filters 520 a and 520 b in non-linear function 406, prior to calculation of the squared-amplitude samples in block 530.

Digital filters 520 a and 520 b and squared-amplitude calculator 3061 may be configured to operate with input and output sample rates equal to the over-sampled rate of the I_(TX),Q_(TX) streams, which equals that of DACs 265 a and 265 b. The squared-amplitude samples from block 530 are then filtered by digital filters 542 and 544, which model the effects of analog filters 207 a and 207 b from the receiver of FIG. 2 (or filters 407 a and 407 b from FIG. 4). As noted above, digital filters 542 and 544 may operate with an over-sampled input stream, and between them may be configured to down-sample their output to the same output rate provided by intermediate frequency ADCs 209 a and 209 b. If additional filtering in or after ADCs 209 a and 209 b is provided in the processing path for the signal of interest, then corresponding filtering may be provided by digital filter 546. In FIG. 5A, an exemplary embodiment of ADC 209 includes filter 502; the response of this filter is thus mimicked in filter 546.

Of course, those skilled in the art will appreciate that one or several of the functional blocks of the digital distortion estimation circuit 130 pictured in FIG. 5 may be combined. For example, the responses of filters 542, 544, and 546 might be combined into a single digital filter function. Similarly, the response of digital filter 520 a and 520 b might be combined, in some implementations, with the digital square-law function of block 530.

The above-described equal treatment through their respective signal paths of transmit-signal-derived distortion estimates on the one hand and the desired signals on the other hand assures a high probability of good interference cancellation in interference subtraction circuit 140. If the interference mechanism is related to a different power of the amplitude than the square, or if a function deviating from the square amplitude is found empirically to match the interference mechanism more closely, then the more exact function is more easily tailored in the digital domain, as in the implementations of FIGS. 4 and 5C, than in the analog domain implementation illustrated in FIG. 2. For example, a non-linear function employing a look-up table in place of or following square-amplitude calculator 530 can be used to model any empirically determined non-linearity.

Using FIGS. 1 to 5, block diagrams illustrating various implementations of the invention have been explained by means of which strong signal interference originating from own transmitter in zero- and low-intermediate frequency radio receivers may be compensated. Of course, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the illustrations are not necessarily exhaustive, and many variations of the illustrated techniques may be employed by a person skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the invention as described by the attached claims. In particular, those skilled in the art will recognize that the techniques described herein may be applied to zero-IF, or homodyne receivers, as well as to superheterodyne receivers. Furthermore, those skilled in the art will appreciate that various downconverter structures may be employed. For instance, some embodiments may employ an image-reject mixer for downconverting the received radio frequency signal, followed by a quadrature downconverter to zero IF or to an intermediate frequency. Some embodiments may employ bandpass samplers, operating at an intermediate frequency, configured to sample and downconvert the intermediate frequency signal to baseband at the same time. These and other variations of a downconverter circuit are described in the co-pending related application by the present inventors, incorporated by reference above. However, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the present invention is by no means limited to these particular circuit configurations.

With this in mind, FIG. 6 illustrates an exemplary method for reducing interference caused by own-transmitter intermodulation products in a transceiver. Those skilled in the art will recognize that the method illustrated in FIG. 6 may be implemented using various embodiments of the transceiver circuits described above.

The method of FIG. 6 begins at block 610, with the downconversion of a radio frequency signal to an intermediate frequency, in the case of a superheterodyne receiver, or to baseband in the case of a homodyne receiver, followed by filtering and sampling. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that a quadrature downconverter may be used in some embodiments, in which case the intermediate frequency signal or baseband signal may comprise an in-phase part and a quadrature part. In other embodiments a single mixer may be used at this stage, or an image rejection mixer may be used, resulting in a single intermediate frequency signal. In any event, as discussed above, the radio frequency signal may comprise a transmitter leakage signal in addition to the desired signal; as a result, the resulting downconverted signal may include one or more distortion products resulting from the transmitter leakage signal.

At block 620, a sampled distortion signal estimate is generated, to approximate one or more of these distortion products. As was discussed above, in some embodiments, non-linear products of the transmitter signal may be generated by an analog non-linear circuit configured to approximate one or more non-linear response characteristics of the downconverter circuit. This process is illustrated in the logic flow diagram pictured in FIG. 7. An analog sample of the transmitter signal is obtained at block 710 (e.g., by sampling a transmitter power amplifier output using a directional coupler), and applied to the analog non-linear circuit to generate non-linear distortion products at block 720. In these embodiments, the analog non-linear products may be filtered by analog filters matched to filters employed in the receiver circuits, as shown at block 730; the filtered products may then be sampled to obtain the sampled distortion signal estimate.

In other embodiments, a digital non-linear function may be used to transform a digital transmitter modulation signal into a sampled distortion signal estimate that mimics non-linear distortion anticipated in the downconverted signal of interest. This approach is illustrated in FIG. 8: digital samples of the transmitter modulation signal are obtained at block 810, and applied to a digital non-linear function at block 820. The result non-linear products may be filtered, as shown at block 830, with one or more digital filters designed to replicate the effects of one or more analog filters appearing in the receiver circuit, so that the distortion signal estimate is subject to a similar frequency response and delay response as the signal of interest.

As discussed above with respect to FIGS. 1-5, in some embodiments, the non-linear circuit may comprise two or more separate non-linear functions, e.g., one that produces a square-law non-linearity and another that produces a third-order non-linearity. In other embodiments, a single non-linear circuit, e.g., a non-linear circuit that produces a dominant square-law non-linearity, may be sufficient.

Referring once more to FIG. 6, the sampled distortion signal estimate, whether obtained by analog means, digital means, or a combination of both, is combined with the sampled signal of interest to obtain interference-reduced samples, as shown at block 630. In some embodiments, this may comprise determining an optimal scaling factor and or delay for the sampled distortion signal estimate, and subtracting the scaled and/or delayed distortion signal estimate from the sampled signal of interest.

One approach is illustrated in the logic flow of FIG. 9. In this approach, the sampled signal of interest is correlated with the sampled distortion signal estimate, at block 910, to determine a scaling factor to be applied to the sampled distortion signal estimate. This factor is applied to the sampled distortion signal estimate at block 920. In view of the various transceiver circuits discussed above, those skilled in the art will appreciate that such scaling may comprise applying a complex scaling factor to complex samples of the distortion waveform in some embodiments of the invention. In others, a first scaling factor may be applied to the sampled distortion waveform for use in reducing interference in in-phase samples of the signal of interest, while a second scaling factor is applied to the sampled distortion waveform for use in reducing interference in corresponding quadrature samples of the signal of interest.

Finally, at block 930, the scaled distortion signal samples are subtracted from the sampled signal of interest to obtain interference-reduced samples. Again, considering the various circuits discussed above, those skilled in the art will appreciate that this subtraction operation may comprise a single subtraction of a single complex value from a complex signal of interest, or separate subtraction operations for each of an in-phase sample of the signal of interest and a quadrature sample of the signal of interest.

Those skilled in the art will appreciate that several of the processing steps discussed above may be performed with one or more general-purpose or special-purpose microprocessors, microcontrollers, or digital signal processing units. Thus, several of the circuits pictured in FIGS. 1-5, such as the interference subtraction circuit 140, complex multiplier circuit 220, phase rotation generator 230, modulation waveform generator 260, correlator circuits 311, subtraction circuits 310, complex multipliers 312, digital non-linear function 406, digital filters 407 c, 408 c, 520 a-b, 542, 544, and 546, may be implemented with programmable processing units, with hardware logic circuits, or a combination of both. One or more of these circuits may be implemented on an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) along with one or more additional circuits pictured in FIGS. 1-5. Further, any of these circuits may be combined with one or more processors and/or hardware configured to control the transceiver circuitry and/or to implement a wireless protocol stack according to one or more wireless standards.

Of course, the present invention may be carried out in other ways than those specifically set forth herein without departing from essential characteristics of the invention. The present embodiments are thus to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive, and all changes coming within the meaning and equivalency range of the appended claims are intended to be embraced therein. 

1. A radio transceiver circuit, comprising: a receiver circuit configured to downconvert, filter, and sample a radio frequency signal comprising a desired signal and a transmitter leakage signal to obtain a sampled signal of interest; a distortion estimation circuit configured to generate a sampled distortion signal estimate of one or more distortion products of the transmitter leakage signal; and an interference subtraction circuit configured to combine the sampled distortion signal estimate with the sampled signal of interest to obtain interference-reduced signal samples.
 2. The radio transceiver circuit of claim 1, wherein the receiver circuit comprises a homodyne downconverter for downconverting the radio frequency signal.
 3. The radio transceiver circuit of claim 1, wherein the transmitter leakage signal has a modulation bandwidth, and wherein the receiver circuit is configured to downconvert the radio frequency signal to an intermediate frequency less than the modulation bandwidth of the transmitter leakage signal.
 4. The radio transceiver circuit of claim 1, wherein the distortion estimation circuit comprises one or more analog non-linear components configured to produce estimates of non-linear products of the transmitter leakage from a transmitter signal and an analog-to-digital converter to produce the sampled distortion signal estimate from the non-linear products.
 5. The radio transceiver circuit of claim 4, wherein the one or more analog non-linear components include a square-law device for generating a second-order distortion product of the transmitter signal.
 6. The radio transceiver circuit of claim 4, wherein the distortion estimation circuit further comprises one or more analog filters matched to one or more receive filters in the receiver circuit.
 7. The radio transceiver circuit of claim 1, wherein the distortion estimation circuit comprises digital distortion processing circuitry configured to generate the sampled distortion signal estimate.
 8. The radio transceiver circuit of claim 7, wherein the digital distortion processing circuitry is configured to generate the sampled distortion signal estimate from a digital transmitter modulation signal.
 9. The radio transceiver circuit of claim 7, wherein the distortion estimation circuit further comprises one or more digital filters configured to match the response of one or more filters in the receiver circuit.
 10. The radio transceiver circuit of claim 1, wherein the interference subtraction circuit comprises: a correlator circuit configured to correlate the sampled signal of interest with the sampled distortion signal estimate to obtain a scaling factor; a scaling circuit configured to scale the sampled distortion signal estimate, using the scaling factor; and a subtracting circuit configured to subtract the scaled sampled distortion signal estimate from the sampled signal of interest to obtain the interference-reduced signal samples.
 11. The radio transceiver circuit of claim 10, wherein the correlator circuit is configured to perform two or more correlations between the sampled signal of interest and the sampled distortion signal estimate, using varying relative delays, and to select the scaling factor corresponding to the highest correlation for use in scaling the sampled distortion signal estimate.
 12. The radio transceiver circuit of claim 1, wherein the interference subtraction circuit comprises: a correlator circuit configured to perform two or more correlations between the sampled signal interest and the sampled distortion signal estimate, using varying relative delays, to obtain scaling factors corresponding to the relative delays; and a subtracting circuit configured to subtract two or more scaled versions of the sampled distortion signal estimate, each with a different relative delay, from the sampled signal of interest to obtain the interference-reduced signal samples.
 13. The radio transceiver circuit of claim 1, further comprising a phase-rotating circuit configured to phase-rotate the interference-reduced signal samples to obtain baseband signal samples.
 14. A method for reducing interference from transmitter leakage in a radio transceiver, the method comprising: downconverting, filtering, and sampling a radio frequency signal comprising a desired signal and a transmitter leakage signal to obtain a sampled signal of interest; generating a sampled distortion signal estimate of one or more distortion products of the transmitter leakage signal; and combining the sampled distortion signal estimate with the sampled signal of interest to obtain interference-reduced signal samples.
 15. The method of claim 14, wherein downconverting, filtering, and sampling the radio frequency signal comprises downconverting the radio frequency signal to baseband using a homodyne downconverter.
 16. The method of claim 14, wherein downconverting, filtering, and sampling the radio frequency signal comprises downconverting the radio frequency signal to an intermediate frequency less than a modulation bandwidth of the transmitter leakage signal.
 17. The method of claim 14, wherein generating the sampled distortion signal estimate comprises producing estimates of non-linear products of the transmitter leakage from a transmitter signal, using one or more analog non-linear components, and sampling the non-linear products to produce the sampled distortion signal estimate.
 18. The method of claim 17, wherein producing estimates of non-linear products of the transmitter leakage comprises generating a second-order distortion product of the transmitter signal using a square-law device.
 19. The method of claim 14, wherein generating the sampled distortion signal estimate comprises generating the sampled distortion signal estimate from a digital transmitter modulation signal.
 20. The method of claim 19, further comprising digitally filtering the sampled distortion signal estimate using one or more digital filters configured to match the response of one or more filters in the receiver circuit.
 21. The method of claim 14, wherein combining the sampled distortion signal estimate with the sampled signal of interest comprises: correlating the sampled signal of interest with the sampled distortion signal estimate to obtain a scaling factor; scaling the sampled distortion signal estimate, using the scaling factor; and subtracting the scaled sampled distortion signal estimate from the sampled signal of interest to obtain the interference-reduced signal samples.
 22. The method of claim 21, wherein correlating the sampled signal of interest with the sampled distortion signal estimate comprises performing two or more correlations between the sampled signal of interest and the sampled distortion signal estimate, using varying relative delays, and selecting the scaling factor corresponding to the highest correlation for use in scaling the sampled distortion signal estimate.
 23. The method of claim 14, wherein combining the sampled distortion signal estimate with the sampled signal of interest comprises: performing two or more correlations between the sampled signal interest and the sampled distortion signal estimate, using varying relative delays, to obtain scaling factors corresponding to the relative delays; and subtracting two or more scaled versions of the sampled distortion signal estimate, each with a different relative delay, from the sampled signal of interest to obtain the interference-reduced signal samples. 